What does the term 'judicial punishment' refer to?

• A. Punishment administered by military courts or commanders.
• B. Punishment for civilian crimes only.
• C. Nonpunitive corrective training.
• D. Administrative actions only.

Answer: (A)

Judicial punishment is penalties that come from a formal military legal proceeding. This means a verdict and sentence are determined through a court-martial or, in appropriate cases, by a commander acting in a formal court-martial capacity (such as a summary court-martial). The key aspect is the formal adjudication process and the potential for a recorded verdict and legal review, rather than actions taken outside of a courtroom setting. This differentiates it from nonjudicial punishment, which a commander issues under regulatory authority without a court proceeding, and from purely administrative or nonpunitive actions. So, punishment administered by military courts or commanders within a formal court setting best captures judicial punishment.